The Bizarre, Slanted Coverage of Arizona’s SB 1062

Hans Bader:

Yesterday, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer vetoed a bill that would have made clear that the state’s Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) applied not just as a defense to a lawsuit brought by a government entity, but also as a defense to lawsuits brought by a private party under a state statute, or using a cause of action created by state law. Under RFRA, no government action (including a damage award in a lawsuit) can “substantially burden” religious freedom unless it is “the least restrictive means” to further a “compelling interest.” The bill hardly seems like a radical change, since damage awards in private lawsuits already constitute “state action” for purposes of the First Amendment, under the Supreme Court’s decisions in Snyder v. Phelps and New York Times v. Sullivan. The bill just applies the same principle to RFRA, and, indeed, the bill’s enactment might merely have given the state’s RFRA the same meaning that other jurisdictions’ RFRA’s already have by judicial construction. The bill did not even mention sexual orientation, did not single out gays, and probably would have had its greatest effect in other areas.

The media, including the Washington Post and the New York Times, have fundamentally distorted what that bill, SB 1062, vetoed by Gov. Brewer, would have done, by claiming that it would have “allowed” a broad range of discrimination. It was written narrowly enough (and did not even mention gays) that it conceivably might not have legalized any additional discrimination against gays at all. It might have had more effect as to refusals to serve other groups disapproved of by religious fundamentalists, like cohabiting unmarried couples, although even that is not guaranteed. (Disclosure: I support both gay marriage andreligious liberty, and CEI did not take any position on the bill.)

As a lawyer who has read the bill, I think it is erroneous for new stories to claim the contrary. The Washington Post’s Aaron Blake, for example, misleadingly wrote, “Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer (R) vetoed a controversial bill Wednesday that would have allowed businesses in the state to deny service to gays and lesbians if they felt that serving them would violate their religious rights.” Similarly, the teaser to that article originally read, “The Arizona governor rejects legislation that would have allowed businesses to refuse to serve gay people if they thought doing so violated their religious liberty.”

That contains two misleading messages: (1) that the bill would have given businesses carte blanche not to serve gay people on religious grounds, based on their subjectively having “felt” their religious rights were affected, rather than merely allowing them to do so only if the state actually lacked a compelling interest in prohibiting such refusals to serve and requiring them to serve actually did substantially burden their religious freedom; and (2) that it singled out gay people (as someone who has studied the history of similar legislation, I can tell you it probably would have been of more use to a religious landlord seeking not to rent to an unmarried cohabiting couple, than to a gay couple who might be able to more plausibly argue that they are a traditionally disadvantaged minority group that the state has more of a compelling interest in protecting. When the California Supreme Court ruled 4-to-3 in 1996 that a religious landlord had to rent to an unmarried couple, even the three dissenters implied that they might have ruled in favor of a gay couple, rather than an unmarried couple. And that was back in 1996.)

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